Water quality in a small catchment of Piracicaba River, SP

A microbacia do Ribeirão dos Marins, fluente do Rio Piracicaba, é importante ao município de Piracicaba, São Paulo, haja vista que concentra a maior área de produção de hortaliças, as quais são irrigadas com as águas do ribeirão. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da água, coletaram-se amostras de fevereiro a dezembro de 2005 em sete pontos ao longo do ribeirão, considerando-se o uso e ocupação do solo. As variáveis de qualidade de água analisadas foram: físicas e químicas: sedimentos em suspensão, pH, condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade, turbidez, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco, sódio, fósforo, sulfato, cloreto, nitrogênio amoniacal e nitrato. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Ecologia do Instituto de Estudos Florestais e no Laboratório de Água do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, ambos pertencentes à ESALQ-USP. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a Resolução nº 357 de 17 março de 2005, do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) que estabelece a classificação das águas brasileiras. As águas do ribeirão dos Marins apresentaram-se fora do padrão estabelecido pela Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA, para a irrigação de hortaliças._________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: The Marins creek watershed is important to the Piracicaba municipal district because it concentrates a large area of horticultural production, which is irrigated with the creek water. With the aim to evaluate the water quality, samples were collected from February to December 2005 at seven points along the creek according to land use. The parameters of quality analyzed were physical and chemical: suspended sediments, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, turbidity, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, sodium, phosphorus, sulfate, chloride, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate. The analyses were made at the Ecology Laboratory of Forest Studies Institute and Water Laboratory at the Rural Engineering Department, both belonging to the Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo. The results were compared with the Brazilian legislation (Resolution nº 357 of March 17, 2005 of National Concil of Environment) which establishes the Brazilian water classification. The Marins water did not meet the limits established by the Brazilian legislation to irrigate the horticultural productio

Integrated modeling in urban hydrology: reviewing the role of monitoring technology in overcoming the issue of ‘big data’ requirements

Increasingly, the application of models in urban hydrology has undergone a shift toward integrated structures that recognize the interconnected nature of the urban landscape and both the natural and engineered water cycles. Improvements in computational processing during the past few decades have enabled the application of multiple, connected model structures that link previously disparate systems together, incorporating feedbacks and connections. Many applications of integrated models look to assess the impacts of environmental change on physical dynamics and quality of landscapes. Whilst these integrated structures provide a more robust representation of natural dynamics, they often place considerable data requirements on the user, whereby data are required at contrasting spatial and temporal scales which can often transcend multiple disciplines. Concomitantly, our ability to observe complex, natural phenomena at contrasting scales has improved considerably with the advent of increasingly novel monitoring technologies. This has provided a pathway for reducing model uncertainty and improving our confidence in modeled outputs by implementing suitable monitoring regimes. This commentary assesses how component models of an exemplar integrated model have advanced over the past few decades, with a critical focus on the role of monitoring technologies that have enabled better identification of the key physical process. This reduces the uncertainty of processes at contrasting spatial and temporal scales, through a better characterization of feedbacks which then enhances the utility of integrated model applications

A systematic review on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for chronic non-specific low-back pain

The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effects of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT), acupuncture and herbal medicine for chronic non-specific LBP. A comprehensive search was conducted by an experienced librarian from the Cochrane Back Review Group (CBRG) in multiple databases up to December 22, 2008. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with chronic non-specific LBP, which evaluated at least one clinically relevant, patient-centred outcome measure were included. Two authors working independently from one another assessed the risk of bias using the criteria recommended by the CBRG and extracted the data. The data were pooled when clinically homogeneous and statistically possible or were otherwise qualitatively described. GRADE was used to determine the quality of the evidence. In total, 35 RCTs (8 SMT, 20 acupuncture, 7 herbal medicine), which examined 8,298 patients, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Approximately half of these (2 SMT, 8 acupuncture, 7 herbal medicine) were thought to have a low risk of bias. In general, the pooled effects for the studied interventions demonstrated short-term relief or improvement only. The lack of studies with a low-risk of bias, especially in regard to SMT precludes any strong conclusions; however, the principal findings, which are based upon low- to very-low-quality evidence, suggest that SMT does not provide a more clinically beneficial effect compared with sham, passive modalities or any other intervention for treatment of chronic low-back pain. There is evidence, however, that acupuncture provides a short-term clinically relevant effect when compared with a waiting list control or when acupuncture is added to another intervention. Although there are some good results for individual herbal medicines in short-term individual trials, the lack of homogeneity across studies did not allow for a pooled estimate of the effect. In general, these results are in agreement with other recent systematic reviews on SMT, but in contrast with others. These results are also in agreement with recent reviews on acupuncture and herbal medicine. Randomized trials with a low risk of bias and adequate sample sizes are direly needed

Daily Deviations in Anger, Guilt, and Sympathy: A Developmental Diary Study of Aggression

With a diary study of 4- and 8-year-olds, we tested the association between daily deviations in anger and aggressive behavior, and whether this link was moderated by feelings of guilt and sympathy. Caregivers reported their children’s anger and aggression for 10 consecutive days (470 records; N = 80, 53 % girls). To calculate daily anger deviations from average anger levels, we subtracted each child’s average anger score (i.e., across 10 days) from his/her daily anger scores. Children reported their guilty feelings in response to vignettes depicting intentional harm, as well as their dispositional sympathy levels. Multilevel modeling indicated that within-child spikes in daily anger were associated with more aggression, above and beyond between-child differences in average anger levels. However, this association was weaker for children who reported higher levels of guilt. Sympathy did not moderate the anger-aggression link. We discuss potential implications for affective-developmental models of aggression and interventions that target anger-related aggressio